Reading – the 10-th form

For items 11-20 read the text. Fill the gaps (11-20) in the text choosing from the list A-K the one which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

Designing a Quake-Resistant Building Starts at the Soil

Builders in developing countries are often not required to build strong buildings. (11)

Yet, Japan is one of the most developed countries in the world.  (12)

Brady Cox is an assistant professor of civil engineering at the University of Arkansas.  He is also an earthquake expert with an organization called Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance, or GEER.  (13)

Professor Cox says Japan has one of the best building-code systems in the world.

“The problem is this earthquake was just a mammoth earthquake, one of the, you know, top five earthquakes in recorded history.  (14)

The quake measured magnitude nine.

“One thing I think a lot of people don’t understand is that building codes are meant to prevent loss of life in earthquakes. (15)”

Mr. Cox says Japan has invested a lot in seismic research and design since a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in Niigata in 1964.  (16)

“Those two earthquakes really opened up a lot of new research on something called soil liquefaction, in particular.  And, you know, the Japanese, they have more earthquakes greater than magnitude six or seven than probably any other country in the world. (17)”

Soil liquefaction is the process by which the strength or stiffness of soil is weakened by an event like the shaking of an earthquake.  (18)

Professor Cox says the first step to designing an earthquake-resistant building is to study the soil.

“Then the structural engineers take that information and they use it to detail the building in terms of, is this going to be a steel structure? (19)  And then you get into all kinds of things in terms of the designs of the columns and the beams and the framing of the building and the connections.  And how much steel do you put in?”

A team from Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance is planning a trip to Japan to examine the destruction. (20)

“A lot of the work that we’ve been doing has been focusing on the rebuilding effort and how to especially make sure that the rebuilding of schools and hospitals, and kind of critical facilities that you would need to respond to an emergency – police and fire stations, government buildings – that those things get rebuilt appropriately.”

A. That same year, a 9.2 quake shook the American state of Alaska.

B. Is it going to be reinforced concrete?

C. So when a disaster strikes, the damage is often widespread.

D. In a mammoth earthquake, countries with strong building codes can’t rebuild.

E. The soil begins to move like liquid.

F. Mr. Cox and other members of GEER went to Haiti after the powerful earthquake last year, and continue to work with Haitian officials.

G. The group studies major disasters.

H. I mean, they get hit a lot.

I. That doesn’t mean that the buildings won’t  - or bridges for that matter, or anything – won’t sustain significant damage.

J. Still, the March 11 earthquake and tsunami waves destroyed more than 14,000 buildings.

K. So anytime you have an earthquake that large, you’re going to have damage.

Keys reading  Disasters

11.           C

12.           J

13.           G

14.           K

15.           I

16.           A

17.           H

18.           E

19.           B

20.           F